fix: rewrite prime numbers using linear sieve

[nella17]

Description of Change

Rewrite math/prime_numbers.cpp using linear sieve.

Checklist

• Added description of change
• Added documentation so that the program is self-explanatory and educational - Doxygen guidelines
• PR title follows semantic commit guidelines
• Search previous suggestions before making a new one, as yours may be a duplicate.
• I acknowledge that all my contributions will be made under the project's license.

Notes: made change in math/prime_numbers.cpp

[Panquesito7]

LGTM 🚀 Thank you for your contribution! 😄👍
Do you want to take this opportunity to update this file up to the standards? I'll guide you with reviews. 🙂

[Panquesito7]

Oh, I just saw this 😅 could you please fix the errors mentioned here?
Let us know if you need any help here or in our Discord server! 🙂

[nella17]

It can passed the check.
https://github.com/nella17/C-Plus-Plus/commit/7a30521afb8b43971501d38ae98a6dce328a0367

[ayaankhan98]

test.cpp: In function ‘std::vector<int> primes(int)’:
test.cpp:15:26: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘size_t’ {aka ‘long unsigned int’} and ‘int’ [-Werror=sign-compare]
   15 |     for (size_t i = 2; i <= max; i++) {
      |                        ~~^~~~~~
test.cpp:20:19: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘size_t’ {aka ‘long unsigned int’} and ‘int’ [-Werror=sign-compare]
   20 |             if (k > max)
      |                 ~~^~~~~
cc1plus: all warnings being treated as errors

[Panquesito7]

LGTM 🚀 Please review again, @ayaankhan98.

[aminoxix]

Looks good!