diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..088a066e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+name: main
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main, test-me-*]
+    tags: '*'
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  main-windows:
+    uses: asottile/workflows/.github/workflows/tox.yml@v1.5.0
+    with:
+      env: '["py38"]'
+      os: windows-latest
+  main-linux:
+    uses: asottile/workflows/.github/workflows/tox.yml@v1.5.0
+    with:
+      env: '["py38", "py39", "py310", "py311"]'
+      os: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 32c2fec0..4f6c5b7c 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -3,9 +3,4 @@
 .*.sw[a-z]
 .coverage
 .tox
-.venv.touch
-/.mypy_cache
-/.pytest_cache
-/venv*
-coverage-html
 dist
diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 4639bc6b..315c420a 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -1,47 +1,41 @@
 repos:
 -   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v4.1.0
+    rev: v5.0.0
     hooks:
     -   id: trailing-whitespace
     -   id: end-of-file-fixer
-    -   id: check-docstring-first
-    -   id: check-json
-    -   id: check-added-large-files
     -   id: check-yaml
     -   id: debug-statements
-    -   id: name-tests-test
     -   id: double-quote-string-fixer
+    -   id: name-tests-test
     -   id: requirements-txt-fixer
--   repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
-    rev: 4.0.1
-    hooks:
-    -   id: flake8
-        additional_dependencies: [flake8-typing-imports==1.7.0]
--   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-autopep8
-    rev: v1.5.7
+-   repo: https://github.com/asottile/setup-cfg-fmt
+    rev: v2.5.0
     hooks:
-    -   id: autopep8
--   repo: https://github.com/asottile/reorder_python_imports
-    rev: v2.6.0
+    -   id: setup-cfg-fmt
+-   repo: https://github.com/asottile/reorder-python-imports
+    rev: v3.13.0
     hooks:
     -   id: reorder-python-imports
-        args: [--py3-plus]
+        args: [--py38-plus, --add-import, 'from __future__ import annotations']
+-   repo: https://github.com/asottile/add-trailing-comma
+    rev: v3.1.0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: add-trailing-comma
 -   repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
-    rev: v2.29.1
+    rev: v3.17.0
     hooks:
     -   id: pyupgrade
-        args: [--py36-plus]
--   repo: https://github.com/asottile/add-trailing-comma
-    rev: v2.2.1
+        args: [--py38-plus]
+-   repo: https://github.com/hhatto/autopep8
+    rev: v2.3.1
     hooks:
-    -   id: add-trailing-comma
-        args: [--py36-plus]
--   repo: https://github.com/asottile/setup-cfg-fmt
-    rev: v1.20.0
+    -   id: autopep8
+-   repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
+    rev: 7.1.1
     hooks:
-    -   id: setup-cfg-fmt
+    -   id: flake8
 -   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
-    rev: v0.920
+    rev: v1.11.2
     hooks:
     -   id: mypy
-        additional_dependencies: [types-all]
diff --git a/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml b/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml
index 56906603..b71169bb 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-hooks.yaml
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
     description: prevents giant files from being committed.
     entry: check-added-large-files
     language: python
+    stages: [pre-commit, pre-push, manual]
+    minimum_pre_commit_version: 3.2.0
 -   id: check-ast
     name: check python ast
     description: simply checks whether the files parse as valid python.
@@ -38,7 +40,13 @@
     entry: check-executables-have-shebangs
     language: python
     types: [text, executable]
-    stages: [commit, push, manual]
+    stages: [pre-commit, pre-push, manual]
+    minimum_pre_commit_version: 3.2.0
+-   id: check-illegal-windows-names
+    name: check illegal windows names
+    entry: Illegal Windows filenames detected
+    language: fail
+    files: '(?i)((^|/)(CON|PRN|AUX|NUL|COM[\d¹²³]|LPT[\d¹²³])(\.|/|$)|[<>:\"\\|?*\x00-\x1F]|/[^/]*[\.\s]/|[^/]*[\.\s]$)'
 -   id: check-json
     name: check json
     description: checks json files for parseable syntax.
@@ -51,7 +59,8 @@
     entry: check-shebang-scripts-are-executable
     language: python
     types: [text]
-    stages: [commit, push, manual]
+    stages: [pre-commit, pre-push, manual]
+    minimum_pre_commit_version: 3.2.0
 -   id: pretty-format-json
     name: pretty format json
     description: sets a standard for formatting json files.
@@ -106,6 +115,7 @@
     entry: destroyed-symlinks
     language: python
     types: [file]
+    stages: [pre-commit, pre-push, manual]
 -   id: detect-aws-credentials
     name: detect aws credentials
     description: detects *your* aws credentials from the aws cli credentials file.
@@ -130,7 +140,8 @@
     entry: end-of-file-fixer
     language: python
     types: [text]
-    stages: [commit, push, manual]
+    stages: [pre-commit, pre-push, manual]
+    minimum_pre_commit_version: 3.2.0
 -   id: file-contents-sorter
     name: file contents sorter
     description: sorts the lines in specified files (defaults to alphabetical). you must provide list of target files as input in your .pre-commit-config.yaml file.
@@ -144,7 +155,7 @@
     language: python
     types: [text]
 -   id: fix-encoding-pragma
-    name: fix python encoding pragma
+    name: fix python encoding pragma (deprecated)
     description: 'adds # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- to the top of python files.'
     language: python
     entry: fix-encoding-pragma
@@ -155,6 +166,12 @@
     language: python
     entry: forbid-new-submodules
     types: [directory]
+-   id: forbid-submodules
+    name: forbid submodules
+    description: forbids any submodules in the repository
+    language: fail
+    entry: 'submodules are not allowed in this repository:'
+    types: [directory]
 -   id: mixed-line-ending
     name: mixed line ending
     description: replaces or checks mixed line ending.
@@ -162,8 +179,8 @@
     language: python
     types: [text]
 -   id: name-tests-test
-    name: tests should end in _test.py
-    description: this verifies that test files are named correctly.
+    name: python tests naming
+    description: verifies that test files are named correctly.
     entry: name-tests-test
     language: python
     files: (^|/)tests/.+\.py$
@@ -178,7 +195,7 @@
     description: sorts entries in requirements.txt.
     entry: requirements-txt-fixer
     language: python
-    files: requirements.*\.txt$
+    files: (requirements|constraints).*\.txt$
 -   id: sort-simple-yaml
     name: sort simple yaml files
     description: sorts simple yaml files which consist only of top-level keys, preserving comments and blocks.
@@ -191,4 +208,5 @@
     entry: trailing-whitespace-fixer
     language: python
     types: [text]
-    stages: [commit, push, manual]
+    stages: [pre-commit, pre-push, manual]
+    minimum_pre_commit_version: 3.2.0
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 50e72022..e1655740 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,3 +1,117 @@
+5.0.0 - 2024-10-05
+==================
+
+### Features
+- `requirements-txt-fixer`: also remove `pkg_resources==...`.
+    - #850 PR by @ericfrederich.
+    - #1030 issue by @ericfrederich.
+- `check-illegal-windows-names`: new hook!
+    - #1044 PR by @ericfrederich.
+    - #589 issue by @ericfrederich.
+    - #1049 PR by @Jeffrey-Lim.
+- `pretty-format-json`: continue processing even if a file has a json error.
+    - #1039 PR by @amarvin.
+    - #1038 issue by @amarvin.
+
+### Fixes
+- `destroyed-symlinks`: set `stages` to `[pre-commit, pre-push, manual]`
+    - PR #1085 by @AdrianDC.
+
+### Migrating
+- pre-commit-hooks now requires `pre-commit>=3.2.0`.
+- use non-deprecated names for `stages`.
+    - #1093 PR by @asottile.
+
+4.6.0 - 2024-04-06
+==================
+
+### Features
+- `requirements-txt-fixer`: remove duplicate packages.
+    - #1014 PR by @vhoulbreque-withings.
+    - #960 issue @csibe17.
+
+### Migrating
+- `fix-encoding-pragma`: deprecated -- will be removed in 5.0.0.  use
+  [pyupgrade](https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade) or some other tool.
+    - #1033 PR by @mxr.
+    - #1032 issue by @mxr.
+
+4.5.0 - 2023-10-07
+==================
+
+### Features
+- `requirements-txt-fixer`: also sort `constraints.txt` by default.
+    - #857 PR by @lev-blit.
+    - #830 issue by @PLPeeters.
+- `debug-statements`: add `bpdb` debugger.
+    - #942 PR by @mwip.
+    - #941 issue by @mwip.
+
+### Fixes
+- `file-contents-sorter`: fix sorting an empty file.
+    - #944 PR by @RoelAdriaans.
+    - #935 issue by @paduszyk.
+- `double-quote-string-fixer`: don't rewrite inside f-strings in 3.12+.
+    - #973 PR by @asottile.
+    - #971 issue by @XuehaiPan.
+
+## Migrating
+- now requires python >= 3.8.
+    - #926 PR by @asottile.
+    - #927 PR by @asottile.
+
+4.4.0 - 2022-11-23
+==================
+
+### Features
+- `forbid-submodules`: new hook which outright bans submodules.
+    - #815 PR by @asottile.
+    - #707 issue by @ChiefGokhlayeh.
+
+4.3.0 - 2022-06-07
+==================
+
+### Features
+- `check-executables-have-shebangs`: use `git config core.fileMode` to
+  determine if it should query `git`.
+    - #730 PR by @Kurt-von-Laven.
+- `name-tests-test`: add `--pytest-test-first` test convention.
+    - #779 PR by @asottile.
+
+### Fixes
+- `check-shebang-scripts-are-executable`: update windows instructions.
+    - #774 PR by @mdeweerd.
+    - #770 issue by @mdeweerd.
+- `check-toml`: use stdlib `tomllib` when available.
+    - #771 PR by @DanielNoord.
+    - #755 issue by @sognetic.
+- `check-added-large-files`: don't run on non-file `stages`.
+    - #778 PR by @asottile.
+    - #777 issue by @skyj.
+
+4.2.0 - 2022-04-06
+==================
+
+### Features
+- `name-tests-test`: updated display text.
+    - #713 PR by @asottile.
+- `check-docstring-first`: make output more parsable.
+    - #748 PR by @asottile.
+- `check-merge-conflict`: make output more parsable.
+    - #748 PR by @asottile.
+- `debug-statements`: make output more parsable.
+    - #748 PR by @asottile.
+
+### Fixes
+- `check-merge-conflict`: fix detection of `======` conflict marker on windows.
+    - #748 PR by @asottile.
+
+### Updating
+- Drop python<3.7.
+    - #719 PR by @asottile.
+- Changed default branch from `master` to `main`.
+    - #744 PR by @asottile.
+
 4.1.0 - 2021-12-22
 ==================
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c5a199e1..c0f678fd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-[![Build Status](https://asottile.visualstudio.com/asottile/_apis/build/status/pre-commit.pre-commit-hooks?branchName=master)](https://asottile.visualstudio.com/asottile/_build/latest?definitionId=17&branchName=master)
-[![Azure DevOps coverage](https://img.shields.io/azure-devops/coverage/asottile/asottile/17/master.svg)](https://dev.azure.com/asottile/asottile/_build/latest?definitionId=17&branchName=master)
-[![pre-commit.ci status](https://results.pre-commit.ci/badge/github/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks/master.svg)](https://results.pre-commit.ci/latest/github/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks/master)
+[![build status](https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks/actions/workflows/main.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks/actions/workflows/main.yml)
+[![pre-commit.ci status](https://results.pre-commit.ci/badge/github/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks/main.svg)](https://results.pre-commit.ci/latest/github/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks/main)
 
 pre-commit-hooks
 ================
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ Add this to your `.pre-commit-config.yaml`
 
 ```yaml
 -   repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v4.1.0  # Use the ref you want to point at
+    rev: v5.0.0  # Use the ref you want to point at
     hooks:
     -   id: trailing-whitespace
     # -   id: ...
@@ -52,11 +51,15 @@ Checks for a common error of placing code before the docstring.
 #### `check-executables-have-shebangs`
 Checks that non-binary executables have a proper shebang.
 
+#### `check-illegal-windows-names`
+Check for files that cannot be created on Windows.
+
 #### `check-json`
 Attempts to load all json files to verify syntax.
 
 #### `check-merge-conflict`
 Check for files that contain merge conflict strings.
+  - `--assume-in-merge` - Allows running the hook when there is no ongoing merge operation
 
 #### `check-shebang-scripts-are-executable`
 Checks that scripts with shebangs are executable.
@@ -113,21 +116,35 @@ This hook replaces double quoted strings with single quoted strings.
 #### `end-of-file-fixer`
 Makes sure files end in a newline and only a newline.
 
+#### `file-contents-sorter`
+Sort the lines in specified files (defaults to alphabetical).
+You must provide the target [`files`](https://pre-commit.com/#config-files) as input.
+Note that this hook WILL remove blank lines and does NOT respect any comments.
+All newlines will be converted to line feeds (`\n`).
+
+The following arguments are available:
+- `--ignore-case` - fold lower case to upper case characters.
+- `--unique` - ensure each line is unique.
+
 #### `fix-byte-order-marker`
 removes UTF-8 byte order marker
 
 #### `fix-encoding-pragma`
+
+_Deprecated since py2 is EOL - use [pyupgrade](https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade) instead._
+
 Add `# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-` to the top of python files.
   - To remove the coding pragma pass `--remove` (useful in a python3-only codebase)
 
-#### `file-contents-sorter`
-Sort the lines in specified files (defaults to alphabetical).
-You must provide list of target files as input to it.
-Note that this hook WILL remove blank lines and does NOT respect any comments.
-
 #### `forbid-new-submodules`
 Prevent addition of new git submodules.
 
+This is intended as a helper to migrate away from submodules.  If you want to
+ban them entirely use `forbid-submodules`
+
+#### `forbid-submodules`
+forbids any submodules in the repository.
+
 #### `mixed-line-ending`
 Replaces or checks mixed line ending.
   - `--fix={auto,crlf,lf,no}`
@@ -137,13 +154,15 @@ Replaces or checks mixed line ending.
       - `no` - Checks if there is any mixed line ending without modifying any file.
 
 #### `name-tests-test`
-Assert that files in tests/ end in `_test.py`.
-  - Use `args: ['--django']` to match `test*.py` instead.
+verifies that test files are named correctly.
+- `--pytest` (the default): ensure tests match `.*_test\.py`
+- `--pytest-test-first`: ensure tests match `test_.*\.py`
+- `--django` / `--unittest`: ensure tests match `test.*\.py`
 
 #### `no-commit-to-branch`
 Protect specific branches from direct checkins.
-  - Use `args: [--branch, staging, --branch, master]` to set the branch.
-    Both `master` and `main` are protected by default if no branch argument is set.
+  - Use `args: [--branch, staging, --branch, main]` to set the branch.
+    Both `main` and `master` are protected by default if no branch argument is set.
   - `-b` / `--branch` may be specified multiple times to protect multiple
     branches.
   - `-p` / `--pattern` can be used to protect branches that match a supplied regex
@@ -167,7 +186,7 @@ the following commandline options:
   - `--top-keys comma,separated,keys` - Keys to keep at the top of mappings.
 
 #### `requirements-txt-fixer`
-Sorts entries in requirements.txt and removes incorrect entry for `pkg-resources==0.0.0`
+Sorts entries in requirements.txt and constraints.txt and removes incorrect entry for `pkg-resources==0.0.0`
 
 #### `sort-simple-yaml`
 Sorts simple YAML files which consist only of top-level
diff --git a/azure-pipelines.yml b/azure-pipelines.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 58dc61dd..00000000
--- a/azure-pipelines.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-trigger:
-  branches:
-    include: [master, test-me-*]
-  tags:
-    include: ['*']
-
-resources:
-  repositories:
-    - repository: asottile
-      type: github
-      endpoint: github
-      name: asottile/azure-pipeline-templates
-      ref: refs/tags/v2.1.0
-
-jobs:
-- template: job--python-tox.yml@asottile
-  parameters:
-    toxenvs: [py38]
-    os: windows
-- template: job--python-tox.yml@asottile
-  parameters:
-    toxenvs: [pypy3, py36, py37, py38]
-    os: linux
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_added_large_files.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_added_large_files.py
index e1beb4ef..9e0619b0 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_added_large_files.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_added_large_files.py
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import math
 import os
 import subprocess
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import added_files
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import zsplit
 
 
-def filter_lfs_files(filenames: Set[str]) -> None:  # pragma: no cover (lfs)
+def filter_lfs_files(filenames: set[str]) -> None:  # pragma: no cover (lfs)
     """Remove files tracked by git-lfs from the set."""
     if not filenames:
         return
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def find_large_added_files(
         filenames_filtered &= added_files()
 
     for filename in filenames_filtered:
-        kb = int(math.ceil(os.stat(filename).st_size / 1024))
+        kb = math.ceil(os.stat(filename).st_size / 1024)
         if kb > maxkb:
             print(f'{filename} ({kb} KB) exceeds {maxkb} KB.')
             retv = 1
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def find_large_added_files(
     return retv
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument(
         'filenames', nargs='*',
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_ast.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_ast.py
index ab5661dc..fdac3617 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_ast.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_ast.py
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import ast
 import platform
 import sys
 import traceback
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_builtin_literals.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_builtin_literals.py
index 3fbae3e8..d3054aa0 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_builtin_literals.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_builtin_literals.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import ast
-from typing import List
 from typing import NamedTuple
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
 
 
 BUILTIN_TYPES = {
@@ -27,10 +26,10 @@ class Call(NamedTuple):
 class Visitor(ast.NodeVisitor):
     def __init__(
             self,
-            ignore: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+            ignore: Sequence[str] | None = None,
             allow_dict_kwargs: bool = True,
     ) -> None:
-        self.builtin_type_calls: List[Call] = []
+        self.builtin_type_calls: list[Call] = []
         self.ignore = set(ignore) if ignore else set()
         self.allow_dict_kwargs = allow_dict_kwargs
 
@@ -56,9 +55,9 @@ def visit_Call(self, node: ast.Call) -> None:
 
 def check_file(
         filename: str,
-        ignore: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        ignore: Sequence[str] | None = None,
         allow_dict_kwargs: bool = True,
-) -> List[Call]:
+) -> list[Call]:
     with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
         tree = ast.parse(f.read(), filename=filename)
     visitor = Visitor(ignore=ignore, allow_dict_kwargs=allow_dict_kwargs)
@@ -66,11 +65,11 @@ def check_file(
     return visitor.builtin_type_calls
 
 
-def parse_ignore(value: str) -> Set[str]:
+def parse_ignore(value: str) -> set[str]:
     return set(value.split(','))
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*')
     parser.add_argument('--ignore', type=parse_ignore, default=set())
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_byte_order_marker.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_byte_order_marker.py
index fda05e84..59cc5612 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_byte_order_marker.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_byte_order_marker.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to check')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_case_conflict.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_case_conflict.py
index c3f39db5..33a13f1b 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_case_conflict.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_case_conflict.py
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import Iterator
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import added_files
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import cmd_output
 
 
-def lower_set(iterable: Iterable[str]) -> Set[str]:
+def lower_set(iterable: Iterable[str]) -> set[str]:
     return {x.lower() for x in iterable}
 
 
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def parents(file: str) -> Iterator[str]:
         path_parts.pop()
 
 
-def directories_for(files: Set[str]) -> Set[str]:
+def directories_for(files: set[str]) -> set[str]:
     return {parent for file in files for parent in parents(file)}
 
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def find_conflicting_filenames(filenames: Sequence[str]) -> int:
     return retv
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument(
         'filenames', nargs='*',
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_docstring_first.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_docstring_first.py
index 875c0fba..d55f08a5 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_docstring_first.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_docstring_first.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import io
 import tokenize
 from tokenize import tokenize as tokenize_tokenize
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 NON_CODE_TOKENS = frozenset((
@@ -27,13 +28,13 @@ def check_docstring_first(src: bytes, filename: str = '<unknown>') -> int:
         if tok_type == tokenize.STRING and scol == 0:
             if found_docstring_line is not None:
                 print(
-                    f'{filename}:{sline} Multiple module docstrings '
+                    f'{filename}:{sline}: Multiple module docstrings '
                     f'(first docstring on line {found_docstring_line}).',
                 )
                 return 1
             elif found_code_line is not None:
                 print(
-                    f'{filename}:{sline} Module docstring appears after code '
+                    f'{filename}:{sline}: Module docstring appears after code '
                     f'(code seen on line {found_code_line}).',
                 )
                 return 1
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ def check_docstring_first(src: bytes, filename: str = '<unknown>') -> int:
     return 0
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_executables_have_shebangs.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_executables_have_shebangs.py
index 34af5cac..7c984d39 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_executables_have_shebangs.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_executables_have_shebangs.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 """Check that executable text files have a shebang."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import shlex
 import sys
 from typing import Generator
-from typing import List
 from typing import NamedTuple
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import cmd_output
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import zsplit
@@ -15,8 +14,11 @@
 EXECUTABLE_VALUES = frozenset(('1', '3', '5', '7'))
 
 
-def check_executables(paths: List[str]) -> int:
-    if sys.platform == 'win32':  # pragma: win32 cover
+def check_executables(paths: list[str]) -> int:
+    fs_tracks_executable_bit = cmd_output(
+        'git', 'config', 'core.fileMode', retcode=None,
+    ).strip()
+    if fs_tracks_executable_bit == 'false':  # pragma: win32 cover
         return _check_git_filemode(paths)
     else:  # pragma: win32 no cover
         retv = 0
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@ class GitLsFile(NamedTuple):
     filename: str
 
 
-def git_ls_files(paths: Sequence[str]) -> Generator[GitLsFile, None, None]:
+def git_ls_files(paths: Sequence[str]) -> Generator[GitLsFile]:
     outs = cmd_output('git', 'ls-files', '-z', '--stage', '--', *paths)
     for out in zsplit(outs):
         metadata, filename = out.split('\t')
@@ -42,7 +44,7 @@ def git_ls_files(paths: Sequence[str]) -> Generator[GitLsFile, None, None]:
 
 
 def _check_git_filemode(paths: Sequence[str]) -> int:
-    seen: Set[str] = set()
+    seen: set[str] = set()
     for ls_file in git_ls_files(paths):
         is_executable = any(b in EXECUTABLE_VALUES for b in ls_file.mode[-3:])
         if is_executable and not has_shebang(ls_file.filename):
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ def _message(path: str) -> None:
     )
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_json.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_json.py
index 96ba024e..6a679fee 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_json.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_json.py
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import json
 from typing import Any
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Tuple
 
 
 def raise_duplicate_keys(
-        ordered_pairs: List[Tuple[str, Any]],
-) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        ordered_pairs: list[tuple[str, Any]],
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
     d = {}
     for key, val in ordered_pairs:
         if key in d:
@@ -20,7 +18,7 @@ def raise_duplicate_keys(
     return d
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to check.')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_merge_conflict.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_merge_conflict.py
index aed1e9ca..15ec284a 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_merge_conflict.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_merge_conflict.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os.path
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import cmd_output
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@
 CONFLICT_PATTERNS = [
     b'<<<<<<< ',
     b'======= ',
+    b'=======\r\n',
     b'=======\n',
     b'>>>>>>> ',
 ]
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ def is_in_merge() -> bool:
     )
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*')
     parser.add_argument('--assume-in-merge', action='store_true')
@@ -38,12 +40,12 @@ def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
     retcode = 0
     for filename in args.filenames:
         with open(filename, 'rb') as inputfile:
-            for i, line in enumerate(inputfile):
+            for i, line in enumerate(inputfile, start=1):
                 for pattern in CONFLICT_PATTERNS:
                     if line.startswith(pattern):
                         print(
-                            f'Merge conflict string "{pattern.decode()}" '
-                            f'found in {filename}:{i + 1}',
+                            f'{filename}:{i}: Merge conflict string '
+                            f'{pattern.strip().decode()!r} found',
                         )
                         retcode = 1
 
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_shebang_scripts_are_executable.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_shebang_scripts_are_executable.py
index 50bc9c0c..621696ce 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_shebang_scripts_are_executable.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_shebang_scripts_are_executable.py
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 """Check that text files with a shebang are executable."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import shlex
 import sys
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_executables_have_shebangs import EXECUTABLE_VALUES
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_executables_have_shebangs import git_ls_files
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_executables_have_shebangs import has_shebang
 
 
-def check_shebangs(paths: List[str]) -> int:
+def check_shebangs(paths: list[str]) -> int:
     # Cannot optimize on non-executability here if we intend this check to
     # work on win32 -- and that's where problems caused by non-executability
     # (elsewhere) are most likely to arise from.
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ def check_shebangs(paths: List[str]) -> int:
 
 
 def _check_git_filemode(paths: Sequence[str]) -> int:
-    seen: Set[str] = set()
+    seen: set[str] = set()
     for ls_file in git_ls_files(paths):
         is_executable = any(b in EXECUTABLE_VALUES for b in ls_file.mode[-3:])
         if not is_executable and has_shebang(ls_file.filename):
@@ -35,13 +34,15 @@ def _message(path: str) -> None:
         f'{path}: has a shebang but is not marked executable!\n'
         f'  If it is supposed to be executable, try: '
         f'`chmod +x {shlex.quote(path)}`\n'
+        f'  If on Windows, you may also need to: '
+        f'`git add --chmod=+x {shlex.quote(path)}`\n'
         f'  If it not supposed to be executable, double-check its shebang '
         f'is wanted.\n',
         file=sys.stderr,
     )
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_symlinks.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_symlinks.py
index db3b4fea..a85c82a1 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_symlinks.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_symlinks.py
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os.path
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Checks for broken symlinks.')
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to check')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_toml.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_toml.py
index f623e688..0407371e 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_toml.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_toml.py
@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
-from typing import Optional
+import sys
 from typing import Sequence
 
-import toml
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):  # pragma: >=3.11 cover
+    import tomllib
+else:  # pragma: <3.11 cover
+    import tomli as tomllib
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to check.')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
@@ -13,8 +18,9 @@ def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
     retval = 0
     for filename in args.filenames:
         try:
-            toml.load(filename)
-        except toml.TomlDecodeError as exc:
+            with open(filename, mode='rb') as fp:
+                tomllib.load(fp)
+        except tomllib.TOMLDecodeError as exc:
             print(f'{filename}: {exc}')
             retval = 1
     return retval
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_vcs_permalinks.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_vcs_permalinks.py
index 1c77b9a3..68639bd9 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_vcs_permalinks.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_vcs_permalinks.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import re
 import sys
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Pattern
 from typing import Sequence
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ def _get_pattern(domain: str) -> Pattern[bytes]:
     return re.compile(regex.encode())
 
 
-def _check_filename(filename: str, patterns: List[Pattern[bytes]]) -> int:
+def _check_filename(filename: str, patterns: list[Pattern[bytes]]) -> int:
     retv = 0
     with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
         for i, line in enumerate(f, 1):
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def _check_filename(filename: str, patterns: List[Pattern[bytes]]) -> int:
     return retv
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*')
     parser.add_argument(
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_xml.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_xml.py
index 0fa6bb23..c256af9b 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_xml.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_xml.py
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import xml.sax.handler
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='XML filenames to check.')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/check_yaml.py b/pre_commit_hooks/check_yaml.py
index 5e86b73a..01873921 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/check_yaml.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/check_yaml.py
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import NamedTuple
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 import ruamel.yaml
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@
 yaml = ruamel.yaml.YAML(typ='safe')
 
 
-def _exhaust(gen: Generator[str, None, None]) -> None:
+def _exhaust(gen: Generator[str]) -> None:
     for _ in gen:
         pass
 
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ class Key(NamedTuple):
 }
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument(
         '-m', '--multi', '--allow-multiple-documents', action='store_true',
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
         '--unsafe', action='store_true',
         help=(
             'Instead of loading the files, simply parse them for syntax.  '
-            'A syntax-only check enables extensions and unsafe contstructs '
+            'A syntax-only check enables extensions and unsafe constructs '
             'which would otherwise be forbidden.  Using this option removes '
             'all guarantees of portability to other yaml implementations.  '
             'Implies --allow-multiple-documents'
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/debug_statement_hook.py b/pre_commit_hooks/debug_statement_hook.py
index f78d6d62..cf544c7b 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/debug_statement_hook.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/debug_statement_hook.py
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import ast
 import traceback
-from typing import List
 from typing import NamedTuple
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
 DEBUG_STATEMENTS = {
+    'bpdb',
     'ipdb',
     'pdb',
     'pdbr',
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ class Debug(NamedTuple):
 
 class DebugStatementParser(ast.NodeVisitor):
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.breakpoints: List[Debug] = []
+        self.breakpoints: list[Debug] = []
 
     def visit_Import(self, node: ast.Import) -> None:
         for name in node.names:
@@ -65,12 +66,12 @@ def check_file(filename: str) -> int:
     visitor.visit(ast_obj)
 
     for bp in visitor.breakpoints:
-        print(f'{filename}:{bp.line}:{bp.col} - {bp.name} {bp.reason}')
+        print(f'{filename}:{bp.line}:{bp.col}: {bp.name} {bp.reason}')
 
     return int(bool(visitor.breakpoints))
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to run')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/destroyed_symlinks.py b/pre_commit_hooks/destroyed_symlinks.py
index a3f122ff..f2569085 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/destroyed_symlinks.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/destroyed_symlinks.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import shlex
 import subprocess
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import cmd_output
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 PERMS_NONEXIST = '000000'
 
 
-def find_destroyed_symlinks(files: Sequence[str]) -> List[str]:
-    destroyed_links: List[str] = []
+def find_destroyed_symlinks(files: Sequence[str]) -> list[str]:
+    destroyed_links: list[str] = []
     if not files:
         return destroyed_links
     for line in zsplit(
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ def find_destroyed_symlinks(files: Sequence[str]) -> List[str]:
     return destroyed_links
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to check.')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
@@ -76,11 +76,7 @@ def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
         for destroyed_link in destroyed_links:
             print(f'- {destroyed_link}')
         print('You should unstage affected files:')
-        print(
-            '\tgit reset HEAD -- {}'.format(
-                ' '.join(shlex.quote(link) for link in destroyed_links),
-            ),
-        )
+        print(f'\tgit reset HEAD -- {shlex.join(destroyed_links)}')
         print(
             'And retry commit. As a long term solution '
             'you may try to explicitly tell git that your '
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/detect_aws_credentials.py b/pre_commit_hooks/detect_aws_credentials.py
index ba1d789a..4f59d9cf 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/detect_aws_credentials.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/detect_aws_credentials.py
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import configparser
 import os
-from typing import List
 from typing import NamedTuple
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Set
 
 
 class BadFile(NamedTuple):
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ class BadFile(NamedTuple):
     key: str
 
 
-def get_aws_cred_files_from_env() -> Set[str]:
+def get_aws_cred_files_from_env() -> set[str]:
     """Extract credential file paths from environment variables."""
     return {
         os.environ[env_var]
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ def get_aws_cred_files_from_env() -> Set[str]:
     }
 
 
-def get_aws_secrets_from_env() -> Set[str]:
+def get_aws_secrets_from_env() -> set[str]:
     """Extract AWS secrets from environment variables."""
     keys = set()
     for env_var in (
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ def get_aws_secrets_from_env() -> Set[str]:
     return keys
 
 
-def get_aws_secrets_from_file(credentials_file: str) -> Set[str]:
+def get_aws_secrets_from_file(credentials_file: str) -> set[str]:
     """Extract AWS secrets from configuration files.
 
     Read an ini-style configuration file and return a set with all found AWS
@@ -69,8 +68,8 @@ def get_aws_secrets_from_file(credentials_file: str) -> Set[str]:
 
 def check_file_for_aws_keys(
         filenames: Sequence[str],
-        keys: Set[bytes],
-) -> List[BadFile]:
+        keys: set[bytes],
+) -> list[BadFile]:
     """Check if files contain AWS secrets.
 
     Return a list of all files containing AWS secrets and keys found, with all
@@ -90,7 +89,7 @@ def check_file_for_aws_keys(
     return bad_files
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='+', help='Filenames to run')
     parser.add_argument(
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
     # of files to to gather AWS secrets from.
     credential_files |= get_aws_cred_files_from_env()
 
-    keys: Set[str] = set()
+    keys: set[str] = set()
     for credential_file in credential_files:
         keys |= get_aws_secrets_from_file(credential_file)
 
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/detect_private_key.py b/pre_commit_hooks/detect_private_key.py
index 18f95394..cd51f901 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/detect_private_key.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/detect_private_key.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 BLACKLIST = [
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@
 ]
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to check')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/end_of_file_fixer.py b/pre_commit_hooks/end_of_file_fixer.py
index 40e8821d..a30dce92 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/end_of_file_fixer.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/end_of_file_fixer.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os
 from typing import IO
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ def fix_file(file_obj: IO[bytes]) -> int:
     return 0
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to fix')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/file_contents_sorter.py b/pre_commit_hooks/file_contents_sorter.py
index 392e2261..02bdbccf 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/file_contents_sorter.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/file_contents_sorter.py
@@ -9,12 +9,13 @@
 this hook on that file should reduce the instances of git merge
 conflicts and keep the file nicely ordered.
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import IO
 from typing import Iterable
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 PASS = 0
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@
 
 def sort_file_contents(
     f: IO[bytes],
-    key: Optional[Callable[[bytes], Any]],
+    key: Callable[[bytes], Any] | None,
     *,
     unique: bool = False,
 ) -> int:
@@ -36,7 +37,10 @@ def sort_file_contents(
     after = sorted(lines, key=key)
 
     before_string = b''.join(before)
-    after_string = b'\n'.join(after) + b'\n'
+    after_string = b'\n'.join(after)
+
+    if after_string:
+        after_string += b'\n'
 
     if before_string == after_string:
         return PASS
@@ -47,7 +51,7 @@ def sort_file_contents(
         return FAIL
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='+', help='Files to sort')
     parser.add_argument(
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/fix_byte_order_marker.py b/pre_commit_hooks/fix_byte_order_marker.py
index 51b94e16..22a49909 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/fix_byte_order_marker.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/fix_byte_order_marker.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to check')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/fix_encoding_pragma.py b/pre_commit_hooks/fix_encoding_pragma.py
index c704774f..eee67058 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/fix_encoding_pragma.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/fix_encoding_pragma.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
+import sys
 from typing import IO
 from typing import NamedTuple
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 DEFAULT_PRAGMA = b'# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-'
@@ -26,7 +28,7 @@ class ExpectedContents(NamedTuple):
     # True: has exactly the coding pragma expected
     # False: missing coding pragma entirely
     # None: has a coding pragma, but it does not match
-    pragma_status: Optional[bool]
+    pragma_status: bool | None
     ending: bytes
 
     @property
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ def _get_expected_contents(
         rest = second_line + rest
 
     if potential_coding.rstrip(b'\r\n') == expected_pragma:
-        pragma_status: Optional[bool] = True
+        pragma_status: bool | None = True
     elif has_coding(potential_coding):
         pragma_status = None
     else:
@@ -105,7 +107,14 @@ def _normalize_pragma(pragma: str) -> bytes:
     return pragma.encode().rstrip()
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    print(
+        'warning: this hook is deprecated and will be removed in a future '
+        'release because py2 is EOL. instead, use '
+        'https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade',
+        file=sys.stderr,
+    )
+
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         'Fixes the encoding pragma of python files',
     )
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/forbid_new_submodules.py b/pre_commit_hooks/forbid_new_submodules.py
index 02758089..b806cad2 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/forbid_new_submodules.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/forbid_new_submodules.py
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import cmd_output
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/mixed_line_ending.py b/pre_commit_hooks/mixed_line_ending.py
index 4e07ed96..0328e865 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/mixed_line_ending.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/mixed_line_ending.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import collections
-from typing import Dict
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def fix_filename(filename: str, fix: str) -> int:
     with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
         contents = f.read()
 
-    counts: Dict[bytes, int] = collections.defaultdict(int)
+    counts: dict[bytes, int] = collections.defaultdict(int)
 
     for line in contents.splitlines(True):
         for ending in ALL_ENDINGS:
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def fix_filename(filename: str, fix: str) -> int:
         return other_endings
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument(
         '-f', '--fix',
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/no_commit_to_branch.py b/pre_commit_hooks/no_commit_to_branch.py
index db848507..741f7267 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/no_commit_to_branch.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/no_commit_to_branch.py
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import re
 from typing import AbstractSet
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import CalledProcessError
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ def is_on_branch(
     )
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument(
         '-b', '--branch', action='append',
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/pretty_format_json.py b/pre_commit_hooks/pretty_format_json.py
index 33ad5a1c..5c0292bf 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/pretty_format_json.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/pretty_format_json.py
@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import json
 import sys
 from difflib import unified_diff
-from typing import List
 from typing import Mapping
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
-from typing import Tuple
-from typing import Union
 
 
 def _get_pretty_format(
@@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ def _get_pretty_format(
         sort_keys: bool = True,
         top_keys: Sequence[str] = (),
 ) -> str:
-    def pairs_first(pairs: Sequence[Tuple[str, str]]) -> Mapping[str, str]:
+    def pairs_first(pairs: Sequence[tuple[str, str]]) -> Mapping[str, str]:
         before = [pair for pair in pairs if pair[0] in top_keys]
         before = sorted(before, key=lambda x: top_keys.index(x[0]))
         after = [pair for pair in pairs if pair[0] not in top_keys]
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ def _autofix(filename: str, new_contents: str) -> None:
         f.write(new_contents)
 
 
-def parse_num_to_int(s: str) -> Union[int, str]:
+def parse_num_to_int(s: str) -> int | str:
     """Convert string numbers to int, leaving strings as is."""
     try:
         return int(s)
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ def parse_num_to_int(s: str) -> Union[int, str]:
         return s
 
 
-def parse_topkeys(s: str) -> List[str]:
+def parse_topkeys(s: str) -> list[str]:
     return s.split(',')
 
 
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ def get_diff(source: str, target: str, file: str) -> str:
     return ''.join(diff)
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument(
         '--autofix',
@@ -117,16 +115,20 @@ def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
                 f'Input File {json_file} is not a valid JSON, consider using '
                 f'check-json',
             )
-            return 1
-
-        if contents != pretty_contents:
-            if args.autofix:
-                _autofix(json_file, pretty_contents)
-            else:
-                diff_output = get_diff(contents, pretty_contents, json_file)
-                sys.stdout.buffer.write(diff_output.encode())
-
             status = 1
+        else:
+            if contents != pretty_contents:
+                if args.autofix:
+                    _autofix(json_file, pretty_contents)
+                else:
+                    diff_output = get_diff(
+                        contents,
+                        pretty_contents,
+                        json_file,
+                    )
+                    sys.stdout.buffer.write(diff_output.encode())
+
+                status = 1
 
     return status
 
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/removed.py b/pre_commit_hooks/removed.py
index 236cbf83..6f6c7b72 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/removed.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/removed.py
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import sys
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     argv = argv if argv is not None else sys.argv[1:]
     hookid, new_hookid, url = argv[:3]
     raise SystemExit(
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/requirements_txt_fixer.py b/pre_commit_hooks/requirements_txt_fixer.py
index 63f891f7..07b57e18 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/requirements_txt_fixer.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/requirements_txt_fixer.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import re
 from typing import IO
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class Requirement:
     UNTIL_SEP = re.compile(rb'[^;\s]+')
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.value: Optional[bytes] = None
-        self.comments: List[bytes] = []
+        self.value: bytes | None = None
+        self.comments: list[bytes] = []
 
     @property
     def name(self) -> bytes:
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ def name(self) -> bytes:
 
         return name[:m.start()]
 
-    def __lt__(self, requirement: 'Requirement') -> bool:
+    def __lt__(self, requirement: Requirement) -> bool:
         # \n means top of file comment, so always return True,
         # otherwise just do a string comparison with value.
         assert self.value is not None, self.value
@@ -45,6 +45,11 @@ def __lt__(self, requirement: 'Requirement') -> bool:
         elif requirement.value == b'\n':
             return False
         else:
+            # if 2 requirements have the same name, the one with comments
+            # needs to go first (so that when removing duplicates, the one
+            # with comments is kept)
+            if self.name == requirement.name:
+                return bool(self.comments) > bool(requirement.comments)
             return self.name < requirement.name
 
     def is_complete(self) -> bool:
@@ -61,9 +66,9 @@ def append_value(self, value: bytes) -> None:
 
 
 def fix_requirements(f: IO[bytes]) -> int:
-    requirements: List[Requirement] = []
+    requirements: list[Requirement] = []
     before = list(f)
-    after: List[bytes] = []
+    after: list[bytes] = []
 
     before_string = b''.join(before)
 
@@ -110,13 +115,20 @@ def fix_requirements(f: IO[bytes]) -> int:
     # which is automatically added by broken pip package under Debian
     requirements = [
         req for req in requirements
-        if req.value != b'pkg-resources==0.0.0\n'
+        if req.value not in [
+            b'pkg-resources==0.0.0\n',
+            b'pkg_resources==0.0.0\n',
+        ]
     ]
 
+    # sort the requirements and remove duplicates
+    prev = None
     for requirement in sorted(requirements):
         after.extend(requirement.comments)
         assert requirement.value, requirement.value
-        after.append(requirement.value)
+        if prev is None or requirement.value != prev.value:
+            after.append(requirement.value)
+            prev = requirement
     after.extend(rest)
 
     after_string = b''.join(after)
@@ -130,7 +142,7 @@ def fix_requirements(f: IO[bytes]) -> int:
         return FAIL
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to fix')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/sort_simple_yaml.py b/pre_commit_hooks/sort_simple_yaml.py
index 39f683e4..116b5c19 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/sort_simple_yaml.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/sort_simple_yaml.py
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@
 In other words, we don't sort deeper than the top layer, and might corrupt
 complicated YAML files.
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
 QUOTES = ["'", '"']
 
 
-def sort(lines: List[str]) -> List[str]:
+def sort(lines: list[str]) -> list[str]:
     """Sort a YAML file in alphabetical order, keeping blocks together.
 
     :param lines: array of strings (without newlines)
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def sort(lines: List[str]) -> List[str]:
     return new_lines
 
 
-def parse_block(lines: List[str], header: bool = False) -> List[str]:
+def parse_block(lines: list[str], header: bool = False) -> list[str]:
     """Parse and return a single block, popping off the start of `lines`.
 
     If parsing a header block, we stop after we reach a line that is not a
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def parse_block(lines: List[str], header: bool = False) -> List[str]:
     return block_lines
 
 
-def parse_blocks(lines: List[str]) -> List[List[str]]:
+def parse_blocks(lines: list[str]) -> list[list[str]]:
     """Parse and return all possible blocks, popping off the start of `lines`.
 
     :param lines: list of lines
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def parse_blocks(lines: List[str]) -> List[List[str]]:
     return blocks
 
 
-def first_key(lines: List[str]) -> str:
+def first_key(lines: list[str]) -> str:
     """Returns a string representing the sort key of a block.
 
     The sort key is the first YAML key we encounter, ignoring comments, and
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ def first_key(lines: List[str]) -> str:
         return ''  # not actually reached in reality
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to fix')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/string_fixer.py b/pre_commit_hooks/string_fixer.py
index a08a5f76..d1b1c4ae 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/string_fixer.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/string_fixer.py
@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import io
 import re
+import sys
 import tokenize
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):  # pragma: >=3.12 cover
+    FSTRING_START = tokenize.FSTRING_START
+    FSTRING_END = tokenize.FSTRING_END
+else:  # pragma: <3.12 cover
+    FSTRING_START = FSTRING_END = -1
+
 START_QUOTE_RE = re.compile('^[a-zA-Z]*"')
 
 
@@ -24,7 +31,7 @@ def handle_match(token_text: str) -> str:
         return token_text
 
 
-def get_line_offsets_by_line_no(src: str) -> List[int]:
+def get_line_offsets_by_line_no(src: str) -> list[int]:
     # Padded so we can index with line number
     offsets = [-1, 0]
     for line in src.splitlines(True):
@@ -40,11 +47,17 @@ def fix_strings(filename: str) -> int:
     # Basically a mutable string
     splitcontents = list(contents)
 
+    fstring_depth = 0
+
     # Iterate in reverse so the offsets are always correct
     tokens_l = list(tokenize.generate_tokens(io.StringIO(contents).readline))
     tokens = reversed(tokens_l)
     for token_type, token_text, (srow, scol), (erow, ecol), _ in tokens:
-        if token_type == tokenize.STRING:
+        if token_type == FSTRING_START:  # pragma: >=3.12 cover
+            fstring_depth += 1
+        elif token_type == FSTRING_END:  # pragma: >=3.12 cover
+            fstring_depth -= 1
+        elif fstring_depth == 0 and token_type == tokenize.STRING:
             new_text = handle_match(token_text)
             splitcontents[
                 line_offsets[srow] + scol:
@@ -60,7 +73,7 @@ def fix_strings(filename: str) -> int:
         return 0
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*', help='Filenames to fix')
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/tests_should_end_in_test.py b/pre_commit_hooks/tests_should_end_in_test.py
index bffb0c42..e7842af7 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/tests_should_end_in_test.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/tests_should_end_in_test.py
@@ -1,30 +1,50 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os.path
 import re
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('filenames', nargs='*')
-    parser.add_argument(
-        '--django', default=False, action='store_true',
-        help='Use Django-style test naming pattern (test*.py)',
+    mutex = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    mutex.add_argument(
+        '--pytest',
+        dest='pattern',
+        action='store_const',
+        const=r'.*_test\.py',
+        default=r'.*_test\.py',
+        help='(the default) ensure tests match %(const)s',
+    )
+    mutex.add_argument(
+        '--pytest-test-first',
+        dest='pattern',
+        action='store_const',
+        const=r'test_.*\.py',
+        help='ensure tests match %(const)s',
+    )
+    mutex.add_argument(
+        '--django', '--unittest',
+        dest='pattern',
+        action='store_const',
+        const=r'test.*\.py',
+        help='ensure tests match %(const)s',
     )
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
 
     retcode = 0
-    test_name_pattern = r'test.*\.py' if args.django else r'.*_test\.py'
+    reg = re.compile(args.pattern)
     for filename in args.filenames:
         base = os.path.basename(filename)
         if (
-                not re.match(test_name_pattern, base) and
+                not reg.fullmatch(base) and
                 not base == '__init__.py' and
                 not base == 'conftest.py'
         ):
             retcode = 1
-            print(f'{filename} does not match pattern "{test_name_pattern}"')
+            print(f'{filename} does not match pattern "{args.pattern}"')
 
     return retcode
 
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/trailing_whitespace_fixer.py b/pre_commit_hooks/trailing_whitespace_fixer.py
index 82faa2dc..84f50671 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/trailing_whitespace_fixer.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/trailing_whitespace_fixer.py
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import argparse
 import os
-from typing import Optional
 from typing import Sequence
 
 
 def _fix_file(
         filename: str,
         is_markdown: bool,
-        chars: Optional[bytes],
+        chars: bytes | None,
 ) -> bool:
     with open(filename, mode='rb') as file_processed:
         lines = file_processed.readlines()
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ def _fix_file(
 def _process_line(
         line: bytes,
         is_markdown: bool,
-        chars: Optional[bytes],
+        chars: bytes | None,
 ) -> bytes:
     if line[-2:] == b'\r\n':
         eol = b'\r\n'
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ def _process_line(
     return line.rstrip(chars) + eol
 
 
-def main(argv: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None) -> int:
+def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument(
         '--no-markdown-linebreak-ext',
diff --git a/pre_commit_hooks/util.py b/pre_commit_hooks/util.py
index 402e33e6..d6c90ae0 100644
--- a/pre_commit_hooks/util.py
+++ b/pre_commit_hooks/util.py
@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import subprocess
 from typing import Any
-from typing import List
-from typing import Optional
-from typing import Set
 
 
 class CalledProcessError(RuntimeError):
     pass
 
 
-def added_files() -> Set[str]:
+def added_files() -> set[str]:
     cmd = ('git', 'diff', '--staged', '--name-only', '--diff-filter=A')
     return set(cmd_output(*cmd).splitlines())
 
 
-def cmd_output(*cmd: str, retcode: Optional[int] = 0, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+def cmd_output(*cmd: str, retcode: int | None = 0, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
     kwargs.setdefault('stdout', subprocess.PIPE)
     kwargs.setdefault('stderr', subprocess.PIPE)
     proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, **kwargs)
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ def cmd_output(*cmd: str, retcode: Optional[int] = 0, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
     return stdout
 
 
-def zsplit(s: str) -> List[str]:
+def zsplit(s: str) -> list[str]:
     s = s.strip('\0')
     if s:
         return s.split('\0')
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index 45498ebe..a0d67f82 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [metadata]
 name = pre_commit_hooks
-version = 4.1.0
+version = 5.0.0
 description = Some out-of-the-box hooks for pre-commit.
 long_description = file: README.md
 long_description_content_type = text/markdown
@@ -8,16 +8,11 @@ url = https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
 author = Anthony Sottile
 author_email = asottile@umich.edu
 license = MIT
-license_file = LICENSE
+license_files = LICENSE
 classifiers =
     License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
-    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
     Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
     Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
 
@@ -25,8 +20,8 @@ classifiers =
 packages = find:
 install_requires =
     ruamel.yaml>=0.15
-    toml
-python_requires = >=3.6.1
+    tomli>=1.1.0;python_version<"3.11"
+python_requires = >=3.8
 
 [options.packages.find]
 exclude =
@@ -80,7 +75,6 @@ check_untyped_defs = true
 disallow_any_generics = true
 disallow_incomplete_defs = true
 disallow_untyped_defs = true
-no_implicit_optional = true
 warn_redundant_casts = true
 warn_unused_ignores = true
 
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 8bf1ba93..3d93aefb 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from setuptools import setup
 setup()
diff --git a/testing/util.py b/testing/util.py
index 50437544..2bbbe644 100644
--- a/testing/util.py
+++ b/testing/util.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os.path
 import subprocess
 
diff --git a/tests/check_added_large_files_test.py b/tests/check_added_large_files_test.py
index c16bf5a9..54c4e689 100644
--- a/tests/check_added_large_files_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_added_large_files_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import shutil
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/check_ast_test.py b/tests/check_ast_test.py
index 686fd116..62439661 100644
--- a/tests/check_ast_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_ast_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_ast import main
 from testing.util import get_resource_path
 
diff --git a/tests/check_builtin_literals_test.py b/tests/check_builtin_literals_test.py
index e9367989..1b182573 100644
--- a/tests/check_builtin_literals_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_builtin_literals_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import ast
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/check_byte_order_marker_test.py b/tests/check_byte_order_marker_test.py
index 4c402476..909a39bb 100644
--- a/tests/check_byte_order_marker_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_byte_order_marker_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from pre_commit_hooks import check_byte_order_marker
 
 
diff --git a/tests/check_case_conflict_test.py b/tests/check_case_conflict_test.py
index d9211b57..a914f452 100644
--- a/tests/check_case_conflict_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_case_conflict_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import sys
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/check_docstring_first_test.py b/tests/check_docstring_first_test.py
index ed5c08ef..8bafae82 100644
--- a/tests/check_docstring_first_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_docstring_first_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_docstring_first import check_docstring_first
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@
         b'from __future__ import unicode_literals\n'
         b'"foo"\n',
         1,
-        '{filename}:2 Module docstring appears after code '
+        '{filename}:2: Module docstring appears after code '
         '(code seen on line 1).\n',
     ),
     # Test double docstring
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@
         b'from __future__ import absolute_import\n'
         b'"fake docstring"\n',
         1,
-        '{filename}:3 Multiple module docstrings '
+        '{filename}:3: Multiple module docstrings '
         '(first docstring on line 1).\n',
     ),
     # Test multiple lines of code above
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@
         b'import sys\n'
         b'"docstring"\n',
         1,
-        '{filename}:3 Module docstring appears after code '
+        '{filename}:3: Module docstring appears after code '
         '(code seen on line 1).\n',
     ),
     # String literals in expressions are ok.
diff --git a/tests/check_executables_have_shebangs_test.py b/tests/check_executables_have_shebangs_test.py
index 5703eded..82d03e3d 100644
--- a/tests/check_executables_have_shebangs_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_executables_have_shebangs_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import sys
 
diff --git a/tests/check_illegal_windows_names_test.py b/tests/check_illegal_windows_names_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82d75322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/check_illegal_windows_names_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os.path
+import re
+
+import pytest
+
+from pre_commit_hooks.check_yaml import yaml
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='module')
+def hook_re():
+    here = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+    with open(os.path.join(here, '..', '.pre-commit-hooks.yaml')) as f:
+        hook_defs = yaml.load(f)
+    hook, = (
+        hook
+        for hook in hook_defs
+        if hook['id'] == 'check-illegal-windows-names'
+    )
+    yield re.compile(hook['files'])
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    's',
+    (
+        pytest.param('aux.txt', id='with ext'),
+        pytest.param('aux', id='without ext'),
+        pytest.param('AuX.tXt', id='capitals'),
+        pytest.param('com7.dat', id='com with digit'),
+        pytest.param(':', id='bare colon'),
+        pytest.param('file:Zone.Identifier', id='mid colon'),
+        pytest.param('path/COM¹.json', id='com with superscript'),
+        pytest.param('dir/LPT³.toml', id='lpt with superscript'),
+        pytest.param('with < less than', id='with less than'),
+        pytest.param('Fast or Slow?.md', id='with question mark'),
+        pytest.param('with "double" quotes', id='with double quotes'),
+        pytest.param('with_null\x00byte', id='with null byte'),
+        pytest.param('ends_with.', id='ends with period'),
+        pytest.param('ends_with ', id='ends with space'),
+        pytest.param('ends_with\t', id='ends with tab'),
+        pytest.param('dir/ends./with.txt', id='directory ends with period'),
+        pytest.param('dir/ends /with.txt', id='directory ends with space'),
+    ),
+)
+def test_check_illegal_windows_names_matches(hook_re, s):
+    assert hook_re.search(s)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    's',
+    (
+        pytest.param('README.md', id='standard file'),
+        pytest.param('foo.aux', id='as ext'),
+        pytest.param('com.dat', id='com without digit'),
+        pytest.param('.python-version', id='starts with period'),
+        pytest.param(' pseudo nan', id='with spaces'),
+        pytest.param('!@#$%^&;=≤\'~`¡¿€🤗', id='with allowed characters'),
+        pytest.param('path.to/file.py', id='standard path'),
+    ),
+)
+def test_check_illegal_windows_names_does_not_match(hook_re, s):
+    assert hook_re.search(s) is None
diff --git a/tests/check_json_test.py b/tests/check_json_test.py
index 3ec67f1c..53e1f52d 100644
--- a/tests/check_json_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_json_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_json import main
diff --git a/tests/check_merge_conflict_test.py b/tests/check_merge_conflict_test.py
index 79c1b118..76c4283c 100644
--- a/tests/check_merge_conflict_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_merge_conflict_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import shutil
 
@@ -99,8 +101,14 @@ def repository_pending_merge(tmpdir):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('f1_is_a_conflict_file')
-def test_merge_conflicts_git():
+def test_merge_conflicts_git(capsys):
     assert main(['f1']) == 1
+    out, _ = capsys.readouterr()
+    assert out == (
+        "f1:1: Merge conflict string '<<<<<<<' found\n"
+        "f1:3: Merge conflict string '=======' found\n"
+        "f1:5: Merge conflict string '>>>>>>>' found\n"
+    )
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
@@ -137,7 +145,7 @@ def test_care_when_assumed_merge(tmpdir):
     assert main([str(f.realpath()), '--assume-in-merge']) == 1
 
 
-def test_worktree_merge_conflicts(f1_is_a_conflict_file, tmpdir):
+def test_worktree_merge_conflicts(f1_is_a_conflict_file, tmpdir, capsys):
     worktree = tmpdir.join('worktree')
     cmd_output('git', 'worktree', 'add', str(worktree))
     with worktree.as_cwd():
@@ -146,4 +154,4 @@ def test_worktree_merge_conflicts(f1_is_a_conflict_file, tmpdir):
         )
         msg = f1_is_a_conflict_file.join('.git/worktrees/worktree/MERGE_MSG')
         assert msg.exists()
-        test_merge_conflicts_git()
+        test_merge_conflicts_git(capsys)
diff --git a/tests/check_shebang_scripts_are_executable_test.py b/tests/check_shebang_scripts_are_executable_test.py
index 9e78b06c..e4bd07ca 100644
--- a/tests/check_shebang_scripts_are_executable_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_shebang_scripts_are_executable_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/check_symlinks_test.py b/tests/check_symlinks_test.py
index 07c11687..e2c2c78f 100644
--- a/tests/check_symlinks_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_symlinks_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/check_toml_test.py b/tests/check_toml_test.py
index c7251eb0..d594f815 100644
--- a/tests/check_toml_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_toml_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_toml import main
 
 
diff --git a/tests/check_vcs_permalinks_test.py b/tests/check_vcs_permalinks_test.py
index ad591515..01ce94de 100644
--- a/tests/check_vcs_permalinks_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_vcs_permalinks_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_vcs_permalinks import main
 
 
diff --git a/tests/check_xml_test.py b/tests/check_xml_test.py
index 357bad64..767619f1 100644
--- a/tests/check_xml_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_xml_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_xml import main
diff --git a/tests/check_yaml_test.py b/tests/check_yaml_test.py
index 1a017a12..54eb16e8 100644
--- a/tests/check_yaml_test.py
+++ b/tests/check_yaml_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_yaml import main
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index f92cfc18..807f15b8 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import cmd_output
diff --git a/tests/debug_statement_hook_test.py b/tests/debug_statement_hook_test.py
index 428421a0..5a8e0bb2 100644
--- a/tests/debug_statement_hook_test.py
+++ b/tests/debug_statement_hook_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import ast
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.debug_statement_hook import Debug
@@ -53,7 +55,9 @@ def test_non_utf8_file(tmpdir):
     assert main((str(f_py),)) == 0
 
 
-def test_py37_breakpoint(tmpdir):
+def test_py37_breakpoint(tmpdir, capsys):
     f_py = tmpdir.join('f.py')
     f_py.write('def f():\n    breakpoint()\n')
     assert main((str(f_py),)) == 1
+    out, _ = capsys.readouterr()
+    assert out == f'{f_py}:2:4: breakpoint called\n'
diff --git a/tests/destroyed_symlinks_test.py b/tests/destroyed_symlinks_test.py
index cde06cfb..39c474a1 100644
--- a/tests/destroyed_symlinks_test.py
+++ b/tests/destroyed_symlinks_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import subprocess
 
diff --git a/tests/detect_aws_credentials_test.py b/tests/detect_aws_credentials_test.py
index 72125099..afda47a9 100644
--- a/tests/detect_aws_credentials_test.py
+++ b/tests/detect_aws_credentials_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/detect_private_key_test.py b/tests/detect_private_key_test.py
index d2c724f0..41f8bae5 100644
--- a/tests/detect_private_key_test.py
+++ b/tests/detect_private_key_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.detect_private_key import main
diff --git a/tests/end_of_file_fixer_test.py b/tests/end_of_file_fixer_test.py
index 60b9e82f..8a5d889e 100644
--- a/tests/end_of_file_fixer_test.py
+++ b/tests/end_of_file_fixer_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import io
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/file_contents_sorter_test.py b/tests/file_contents_sorter_test.py
index 15f11342..49b3b793 100644
--- a/tests/file_contents_sorter_test.py
+++ b/tests/file_contents_sorter_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.file_contents_sorter import FAIL
@@ -8,7 +10,9 @@
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     ('input_s', 'argv', 'expected_retval', 'output'),
     (
-        (b'', [], FAIL, b'\n'),
+        (b'', [], PASS, b''),
+        (b'\n', [], FAIL, b''),
+        (b'\n\n', [], FAIL, b''),
         (b'lonesome\n', [], PASS, b'lonesome\n'),
         (b'missing_newline', [], FAIL, b'missing_newline\n'),
         (b'newline\nmissing', [], FAIL, b'missing\nnewline\n'),
diff --git a/tests/fix_byte_order_marker_test.py b/tests/fix_byte_order_marker_test.py
index da150e37..d7a65990 100644
--- a/tests/fix_byte_order_marker_test.py
+++ b/tests/fix_byte_order_marker_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from pre_commit_hooks import fix_byte_order_marker
 
 
diff --git a/tests/fix_encoding_pragma_test.py b/tests/fix_encoding_pragma_test.py
index f3afa094..98557e98 100644
--- a/tests/fix_encoding_pragma_test.py
+++ b/tests/fix_encoding_pragma_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import io
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/forbid_new_submodules_test.py b/tests/forbid_new_submodules_test.py
index 0326d941..058a3294 100644
--- a/tests/forbid_new_submodules_test.py
+++ b/tests/forbid_new_submodules_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import subprocess
 from unittest import mock
diff --git a/tests/mixed_line_ending_test.py b/tests/mixed_line_ending_test.py
index f1c26418..a7e79719 100644
--- a/tests/mixed_line_ending_test.py
+++ b/tests/mixed_line_ending_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.mixed_line_ending import main
diff --git a/tests/no_commit_to_branch_test.py b/tests/no_commit_to_branch_test.py
index 9fcb5808..eaae5e62 100644
--- a/tests/no_commit_to_branch_test.py
+++ b/tests/no_commit_to_branch_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.no_commit_to_branch import is_on_branch
diff --git a/tests/pretty_format_json_test.py b/tests/pretty_format_json_test.py
index 7fda23b3..68b6d7a1 100644
--- a/tests/pretty_format_json_test.py
+++ b/tests/pretty_format_json_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 import shutil
 
@@ -80,6 +82,24 @@ def test_autofix_main(tmpdir):
     assert ret == 0
 
 
+def test_invalid_main(tmpdir):
+    srcfile1 = tmpdir.join('not_valid_json.json')
+    srcfile1.write(
+        '{\n'
+        '  // not json\n'
+        '  "a": "b"\n'
+        '}',
+    )
+    srcfile2 = tmpdir.join('to_be_json_formatted.json')
+    srcfile2.write('{ "a": "b" }')
+
+    # it should have skipped the first file and formatted the second one
+    assert main(['--autofix', str(srcfile1), str(srcfile2)]) == 1
+
+    # confirm second file was formatted (shouldn't trigger linter again)
+    assert main([str(srcfile2)]) == 0
+
+
 def test_orderfile_get_pretty_format():
     ret = main((
         '--top-keys=alist', get_resource_path('pretty_formatted_json.json'),
diff --git a/tests/readme_test.py b/tests/readme_test.py
index 7df7fcfe..038868d8 100644
--- a/tests/readme_test.py
+++ b/tests/readme_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from pre_commit_hooks.check_yaml import yaml
 
 
diff --git a/tests/removed_test.py b/tests/removed_test.py
index d635eb1e..cd669578 100644
--- a/tests/removed_test.py
+++ b/tests/removed_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.removed import main
diff --git a/tests/requirements_txt_fixer_test.py b/tests/requirements_txt_fixer_test.py
index e3c6ed50..c0d2c65d 100644
--- a/tests/requirements_txt_fixer_test.py
+++ b/tests/requirements_txt_fixer_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.requirements_txt_fixer import FAIL
@@ -66,6 +68,12 @@
             b'f<=2\n'
             b'g<2\n',
         ),
+        (b'a==1\nb==1\na==1\n', FAIL, b'a==1\nb==1\n'),
+        (
+            b'a==1\nb==1\n#comment about a\na==1\n',
+            FAIL,
+            b'#comment about a\na==1\nb==1\n',
+        ),
         (b'ocflib\nDjango\nPyMySQL\n', FAIL, b'Django\nocflib\nPyMySQL\n'),
         (
             b'-e git+ssh://git_url@tag#egg=ocflib\nDjango\nPyMySQL\n',
@@ -74,6 +82,8 @@
         ),
         (b'bar\npkg-resources==0.0.0\nfoo\n', FAIL, b'bar\nfoo\n'),
         (b'foo\npkg-resources==0.0.0\nbar\n', FAIL, b'bar\nfoo\n'),
+        (b'bar\npkg_resources==0.0.0\nfoo\n', FAIL, b'bar\nfoo\n'),
+        (b'foo\npkg_resources==0.0.0\nbar\n', FAIL, b'bar\nfoo\n'),
         (
             b'git+ssh://git_url@tag#egg=ocflib\nDjango\nijk\n',
             FAIL,
diff --git a/tests/sort_simple_yaml_test.py b/tests/sort_simple_yaml_test.py
index a682c158..6cbda857 100644
--- a/tests/sort_simple_yaml_test.py
+++ b/tests/sort_simple_yaml_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import os
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/tests/string_fixer_test.py b/tests/string_fixer_test.py
index 6ddb0ac8..8eb164c5 100644
--- a/tests/string_fixer_test.py
+++ b/tests/string_fixer_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import textwrap
 
 import pytest
@@ -35,6 +37,12 @@
         1,
     ),
     ('"foo""bar"', "'foo''bar'", 1),
+    pytest.param(
+        "f'hello{\"world\"}'",
+        "f'hello{\"world\"}'",
+        0,
+        id='ignore nested fstrings',
+    ),
 )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/tests_should_end_in_test_test.py b/tests/tests_should_end_in_test_test.py
index 4df2963f..2b5a0dea 100644
--- a/tests/tests_should_end_in_test_test.py
+++ b/tests/tests_should_end_in_test_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 from pre_commit_hooks.tests_should_end_in_test import main
 
 
@@ -41,3 +43,8 @@ def test_main_not_django_fails():
 def test_main_django_fails():
     ret = main(['--django', 'foo_test.py', 'test_bar.py', 'test_baz.py'])
     assert ret == 1
+
+
+def test_main_pytest_test_first():
+    assert main(['--pytest-test-first', 'test_foo.py']) == 0
+    assert main(['--pytest-test-first', 'foo_test.py']) == 1
diff --git a/tests/trailing_whitespace_fixer_test.py b/tests/trailing_whitespace_fixer_test.py
index bb3b62d4..c07497a2 100644
--- a/tests/trailing_whitespace_fixer_test.py
+++ b/tests/trailing_whitespace_fixer_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.trailing_whitespace_fixer import main
diff --git a/tests/util_test.py b/tests/util_test.py
index 7f488161..92473e59 100644
--- a/tests/util_test.py
+++ b/tests/util_test.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
 import pytest
 
 from pre_commit_hooks.util import CalledProcessError
diff --git a/tox.ini b/tox.ini
index 965eba92..11340f4d 100644
--- a/tox.ini
+++ b/tox.ini
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [tox]
-envlist = py36,py37,py38,pypy3,pre-commit
+envlist = py,pre-commit
 
 [testenv]
 deps = -rrequirements-dev.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ setenv =
 commands =
     coverage erase
     coverage run -m pytest {posargs:tests}
-    coverage report --fail-under 100
+    coverage report
 
 [testenv:pre-commit]
 skip_install = true