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+## Server-Sider Rendering
+
+#### Web Applications / Websites
+
+- Client-Side Rendering (**`CSR`**)
+
+- Server-Side Rendering (**`SSR`**)
+
+#### Client-Side Rendered apps
+
+`SPA` (*Single-Page Apps*) - each page is rendered on the **client**, _not_ on the server
+
+- the server serves up a *single* static `index.html` document
+- the browser then parses `HTML` & loads `CSS`, `JS`, `img` & fonts
+- the `JS` bundle, once loaded, fetches data from an `API` & constructs the `DOM`
+- the user navigates between routes via the `history API`, *not* page reloads
+- the app lazy-loads remaining `JS` chunks on demand (*code splitting*)
+- the site can be served from a `CDN` to speed up the load time
+
+##### Pros
+
+- decreased load on the server
+- better UI/UX interactivity
+- static hosting & caching
+- decoupled architecture
+
+##### Cons
+
+- slow initial render
+- [heavy `JS` dependency](https://kryogenix.org/code/browser/everyonehasjs.html)
+- non-SEO friendly
+- poor accessibility
+
+##### Caveats
+
+- initial render depends on `JS`, and can thus be *very* slow
+  - bundle size (framework + app code), network latency, hardware limitations
+- the page is technically ready to render once `HTML` & `CSS` are loaded
+  - it doesn't need to wait on JS to load & execute before it can paint
+
+#### Server-Side Rendered apps
+
+`MPA` (*Multi-Page Apps*) - each page is rendered on the **server**, *not* on the client
+
+- the server serves up a new `HTML` document on *each* request
+
+- the browser loads & parses `CSS` to paint the UI
+
+- the browser then loads & parses *deferred* `JS` to enhance the UI*
+
+- the user navigates between routes by requesting a *new* page
+
+- the browser caches assets (`CSS`, `JS`, `img`, etc.) for faster page load (just like with `CSR`)
+
+- the server can cache static `HTML` on a `CDN` to decrease the load
+
+
+\* `JS` can be made non render blocking; often done by
+
+- `<script>` at the end of body to only load blocking `JS` *after* other assets
+- `<script defer>` attribute to continue parsing `HTML` while loading `JS`
+
+##### Pros
+
+- fast first meaningful paint
+- better perceived performance
+- SEO-friendly
+
+##### Cons
+
+- increased load on the server
+- latency due to page requests / reloads
+- low UI/UX interactivity
+
+#### CSR vs SSR?
+
+Case in Point: [Walmart](https://medium.com/walmartlabs/the-benefits-of-server-side-rendering-over-client-side-rendering-5d07ff2cefe8)
+
+#### Best of Both Worlds?
+
+`React` is **isomorphic** (universal)
+
+- can run in a browser, server, native app, or VR headset
+- app can be server-rendered for faster paint
+- then client-rendered to take over as an `SPA`!
+
+#### Server-rendered React SPA
+
+- the server pre-renders the app into an `HTML` string and serves it up
+- the browser loads & parses `CSS` to make the page ***viewable***
+- the browser then loads the `JS` bundle and boots the React SPA to make it ***interactive***
+- React *doesn't need* to re-render if server and client markup are identical
+
+## Create React App
+
+#### ***Create-React-App***, or **`CRA`**
+
+- zero configuration incubator for single-page React apps by Facebook
+- sets up a dev environment with a *bundler*, *transpiler*, *linter*, *test runner*, & *live server*
+
+- **Bundler**: bundles up assets (`JS` = modules + deps, `CSS`, `img`, fonts, etc)
+
+- **Transpiler**: transforms ES6+ down to ES5 for better support across browsers
+
+- **Linter**: anaylizes source for stylistic & logical errors (formatting, spacing, etc.)
+- **Test runner**: allows for unit testing and code coverage reports
+- **Live server**: dev server that watches files, and recompiles and auto-reloads as they change
+
+#### Philosophy (from [README.md](https://github.com/facebook/create-react-app#philosophy))
+
+- One build dependency (react-scripts: `Webpack`, `Babel`, `ESLint`, etc.)
+- Zero configuration (sensible defaults, optimized production build)
+- No lock-in (beginner-friendly customizable setup)
+
+#### Best for
+
+- Learning React & tooling
+- SPA or static sites
+- Rapid prototyping, demo apps, side projects
+
+#### Caveats
+
+- **ES6+ support**
+  - stage 2 (draft), 3 (candidate) & 4 (finished): `async`/`await`, dynamic `import()`, `class fields`, etc. + `JSX` & `Flow`
+  - but not stage 1 (proposal) or 0 (strawman) (e.g. `do expressions` or `function bind ::`)
+  - also doesn't support `@decorators` (stage 2)
+- **Polyfills**
+  - but only few: `Promise`, `fetch`, `Object.assign`
+  - and not others: `Array.find`, `Array.includes`, `Symbol`, `Intl`
+  - will need to install & cherry-pick from `core-js` or `babel-polyfill`
+- **Linting**
+  - comes with `ESLint`, but needs a plugin for the editor, and/or `Prettier` for auto-formatting
+- **Testing**
+  - `Jest` test runner with `jsdom` to write test cases & assertions
+  - doesn't isolate component that's being tested from its children
+  - for isolated unit tests still need `Enzyme` or react-testing-library (with `jest-dom`)
+- **Optimizations**
+  - *minifies*, *uglifies*, and *compresses* code for prod. build
+  - also includes *hashes* (for caching) and *source maps* (for debugging)
+  - may need a tool e.g. `source-map-explorer` to analyze bundle size
+- **Out of Scope**
+  - <u>CI/CD</u> (`TravisCI`, `CircleCI`)
+  - <u>Deployment</u> (`Firebase`, `Now`, `Surge`)
+  - <u>UI/UX</u> or <u>other libraries</u> (`Bootstrap`, `Material-UI`)
+  - though well documented
+
+#### Downsides
+
+- No SSR support (but does support [pre-rendering](https://github.com/facebook/create-react-app/blob/master/packages/react-scripts/template/README.md#pre-rendering-into-static-html-files))
+- `SPA` only, no support for `MPA`
+- Can't pass env vars at run-time
+  - only at build time because the `HTML`/`CSS`/`JS` bundle is static
+  - will need a server (e.g. `Node`) to load `HTML` & populate placeholders
+- opinionated (some may say *bloated*) - may not need most tools / libs
+  - though ejectable & configurable
+- steep learning curve (elaborate config, though well documented)
+
+#### Solution?
+
+A custom project setup.