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Design and Coding Guidelines.html
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Design and Coding Guidelines.html
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<!--
Copyright 2006-2009, 2017, 2020 United States Government, as represented by the
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
All rights reserved.
The NASA World Wind Java (WWJ) platform is licensed under the Apache License,
Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR
CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
NASA World Wind Java (WWJ) also contains the following 3rd party Open Source
software:
Jackson Parser – Licensed under Apache 2.0
GDAL – Licensed under MIT
JOGL – Licensed under Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
Gluegen – Licensed under Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
A complete listing of 3rd Party software notices and licenses included in
NASA World Wind Java (WWJ) can be found in the WorldWindJava-v2.2 3rd-party
notices and licenses PDF found in code directory.
-->
<body>
<h1>WorldWind Multi-Platform Design and Coding Guidelines</h1>
<h2>General</h2>
<ul>
<li>
Our required target platforms are OS X, Windows XP and Vista, and the most popular versions of Linux. All code
and all products must run on all those systems.
</li>
<li>
Read the WorldWind API's Overview section for a description of WorldWind architecture, design and usage. Read
the overview pages of each WorldWind package for descriptions of those. These descriptions contain critical
information that is not repeated elsewhere. To avoid making mistakes, everyone working on WorldWind must read
them before using or modifying the code.
</li>
<li>
The project's development IDE is Apache NetBeans. The NetBeans configuration files for this project are checked in to
the code repository. They define within them global and local library links, formatting rules, etc.
</li>
<li>
Most major classes need a no-argument constructor so that the declarative instantiation mechanism can work. WW
objects should avoid constructors with arguments so that they can be created generically by name. This means
they should self-configure if at all possible, drawing their parameterized info from Configuration. They should
also contain an interface to set the configuration details programmatically.
</li>
<li>
Make field and variable names clear and easy to read. Don't label them with "my" or "m_" or some other goofy
notation. Within a class refer to all member fields with "this", e.g., this.tileCount.
</li>
<li>
The buffers one must use to pass arrays of info to JOGL must have their byte order set to that of the machine
they're used on. Call nativeByteOrder() on NIO buffers when you deal with them, use the methods in
com.jogamp.common.nio.Buffers.
</li>
<li>
Favor immutability (all fields final) in classes representing some small entity like a Point or Vector.
Immutable classes are fully thread safe and generally less error prone.
</li>
<li>
Don't worry too much about frequent memory allocations. Java is now so optimized for this that allocating an
object on the heap has similar performance to allocating it on the stack, and this includes the cost of garbage
collection. There is still a cost to executing any code, however, so be smart about allocation frequency.
</li>
<li>
Configuration items typically have two values and thus two attribute names: a DEFAULT value that is used if not
overridden, and a non-default value that can be set programmatically (in Configuration) to a current value
without losing the ability to recover the default value.
</li>
<li>
Classes such as BasicDataFileStore and the logger are effectively singletons but they are not defined in their
class definition as such. Their singleton nature comes from their 1:1 association with the truly singleton
WorldWind class, which provides access to instances of these "singleton" classes.
</li>
<li>
Do not use classes that are not available in the standard 1.6 JRE. Don't incur additional or external
dependencies. The only 3rd-party library we rely on is JOGL.
</li>
<li>
Constants are defined as String and namespace qualified. This enables easy and non-conflicting extension.
</li>
<li>
Do not use GUI builders to generate interfaces for examples or applications. They prevent others from being able
to maintain the code.
</li>
<li>
Protect OpenGL state within a rendering unit, such as a layer, by bracketing state changes within try/finally
clauses. The util.OpenGLStackHandler utility class makes this easy. It manages both attribute state and matrix
stack state. The goal is to isolate any OpenGL state changes to the rendering unit, both when the unit succeeds
and when it fails.
</li>
<li>
WorldWind never crashes. Always catch exceptions at least at the highest entry point from the runtime, e.g., UI
listeners, thread run() methods.
</li>
<li>
Within a rendering pass WorldWind does not touch the disk or the network. Always fork off a thread to do that.
Use the TaskManager and Retriever systems to start threads during rendering. These are set up to govern thread
usage to avoid swamping the local machine and the server.
</li>
<li>
Too much micromanagement of state makes the code brittle. Try to design so that the right thing just happens
once things are set up, and the effect of something going wrong is benign. For example, Layers fork off
Retriever objects to retrieve data from the network. But they don't try to keep track of these. If the retriever
succeeds then the data will be available the next time the layer looks for it. The fact that it's not there
because of a timeout or something tells the layer to ask for it again if it needs it.
</li>
<li>
DOMs are expensive in memory and time. Use an event for any documents that might be large. Use the parser in
gov.nasa.worldwind.util.xml when appropriate.
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Exceptions</h2>
<ul>
<li>
WW objects running in the Main thread pass exceptions through to the application unless there's good
reactive/corrective behavior that can be applied within WW.
</li>
<li>
Log any exceptions prior to throwing them. Use the same message for the log as for the exception.
</li>
<li>
Ensure all exception messages are generated using the i18n method details below.
</li>
<li>
Public methods validate their arguments and throw the appropriate exception, typically InvalidArgumentException,
and identify the exception message the parameter name and the problem -- null, out of range, etc. See the
message resource file, util.MessageStrings.properties, for common messages and their identifiers.
</li>
<li>
In Retriever threads, do not catch Throwable. Catch and react to Exception if there's a good reactive/corrective
behavior to apply, otherwise allow them to pass up the stack. Retriever threads should have an uncaught
Exception handler specified for the thread. The method should log the Exception or Throwable and then return.
</li>
<li>
Private and protected methods whose calling client can't be trusted validate their arguments and throw an
appropriate exception.
</li>
<li>
The audience for exceptions is not primarily the user of the client program, but the application or WorldWind
developer. Throw exceptions that would let them know immediately that they're using faulty logic or data.
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Logging</h2>
<ul>
<li>
Logging using java.util.logging has the nice feature of capturing the class and method name at the site of the
logging call. That's why there is the common idiom of create message, log message, throw exception. Wrapping
these three actions in some utility method would lose the class and method-name feature, so don't do that. Don't
use any logging system other than that in the JRE.
</li>
<li>
Log all exceptional conditions before rethrowing or throwing a new exception.
</li>
<li>
Ensure all logging uses i18n messages as detailed below.
</li>
<li>
Use level SEVERE for things that prevent the intended action,e.g., file can't be written. Use level WARN for
things that don't stop the action but seem exceptional, e.g., a file was retrieved or written redundantly. Use
level FINE for simple notifications. Use FINER for method traces. Using the "FINE"series prevents screen display
of these when the default JAVA logging settings are used. Since we're a component, we don't communicate such
things directly to the application's user; the application does.
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Concurrency</h2>
<ul>
<li>
Use collection classes from the java.util.concurrent package if there's any chance at all that the collection
may be accessed from multiple threads.
</li>
<li>
Except for simple atomic variables (but not long or double) the safest way to manage multi-thread access is
through the blocking queue classes of java.util.concurrent.
</li>
<li>
Making a class' fields final avoids concurrency problems, but it makes the class much less extensible. If using
private, make sure there are overridable set/get accessors.
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Offline Mode</h2>
<p>WorldWind's use of the network can be disabled by calling {@link gov.nasa.WorldWind.setOfflineMode}. Prior to
attempting retrieval of a network resource -- anything addressed by a URL -- WorldWind checks the offline-mode
setting and does not attempt retrieval if the value is true. To honor this contract, all code must check network
status prior to attempting retrieval of a resource on the network.</p>
<h2>Documentation</h2>
<ul>
<li>
Use the appropriate Ant target to generate worldwind.jar and javadoc API documentation. Do not use the IDEA
Tools command because it's not configured appropriately, only the Ant targets are.
</li>
<li>
All public and protected classes, methods and fields should be commented for javadoc documentation generation.
</li>
<li>
Descriptions of classes, methods, etc. should start with a capital letter. Parameter descriptions and
return-value description should start with a lower-case letter. All descriptions end with a period.
</li>
<li>
If a class overrides methods from {@link Object} such as <code>toString()</code> and <code>equals()</code>,
their behavior for the specific class should be described. For <code>equals()</code> that would be the fields
compared. For <code>toString()</code> that would be the representation returned.
</li>
<li>
Use links liberally, e.g., {@link WorldWind}. They help the reader get to information fast.
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Code Formatting</h2>
<ul>
<li>
Use the code formatting and style that's in the NetBeans project file. It makes it possible to review previous code
modifications.
</li>
<li>
Use the code formatting rules specified in WorldWindJ.ipr. They are in the project file under (Settings Project
Settings Project Code Style). To apply them, simply use Code Auto-indent Lines. You can also just check the box
at Subversion check-in time and the formatting will be applied before check-in. Be sure the formatting rules are
not overridden in your IDEA workspace.
</li>
<li>
We generally use the traditional Sun coding conventions. Constants are in all upper case with words separated by
underscores. Everything else is in camel case. Class names start with an upper case character, variables start
in lower case.
</li>
<li>
White space is preferred over packing code into a small space. Please use white space liberally.
</li>
<li>
Resolve all NetBeans warnings before checking in a file. If the warning refers to an intentional case, add an
exception statement.
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Internationalization (i18n)</h2>
<ul>
<li>
String "constants" are stored in separate resource files (e.g. MessageStrings.properties). These files must end
in ".properties" and must be stored in the src directory. Strings are stored with the format:
packageOfClass.className.nameOfString=value of the string
</li>
<li>
Access the string constants by using the following pattern: (e.g.
Logging.getMessage("myPackage.myClass.targetStringName");).
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Books</h2>
The books we go back to again and again are the following:
<ul>
<li>
<i>Core Java</i>, Horstmann & Cornell, Volumes 1 and 2, Prentice Hall. Be sure to get the editions covering at
least J2SE 5. Get the newest edition (currently 8).
</li>
<li>
<i>The Java Programming Language</i>, Arnold & Gosling, Addison Wesley. Be sure to get the most recent edition
covering at least Java 6.
</li>
<li>
<i>Concurrent Programming in Java</i>, Lea, Addison Wesley
</li>
<li>
<i>Java Threads</i>, Oaks & Wong, O�Reilly
</li>
<li>
<i>Java Cookbook</i>, Darwin, O�Reilly
</li>
<li>
<i>OpenGL Programming Guide</i>, Shreiner & Woo & et al, Addison Wesley. Be sure to get the version covering
OpenGL 2.0, which is currently the Fifth Edition.
</li>
<li>
<i>Mathematics for 3D Game Programming & Computer Graphics</i>, Lengyel, Charles River Media. Be sure to get the
Second (or later if there is one) edition.
</li>
</ul>
</body>